Method of effecting nonfusion welds with a steel weldrod



`Ian. 5, 1954 K, SP1-rz METHOD oF EFFECTING NONFUSION WELDS WITH, A STEEL WELDROD 2 Sheets-Sheet l Filed March 2, 1950 no zomoo 2:64a@

ATTORNEY.

K. SPlTZ Jan. 5, 1954 METHOD OF EFFECTING NONFUSION WELDS WITH A STEEL. WELDROD 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed March 2, 1950 INVENTOR. KARL Spwz ATTORNEY.

Patented Jan. 5, 1954 UNITED STATES PTENT OFFICE METHOD OF EFFECTING NONFUSIONv WELDS WITH A STEEL WELDROD Karl Spitz, Cleveland, Ohio Application March 2, 1950, Serial No. 147,247

Claims. 1

This invention relates to the non-fusion welding oi similar or dissimilar metals by means of a steel filler metal or Weldrod, and more particularly to the bonding of a steel iiller metal to a ferrous or non-ferrous base metal. As will hereinafter more fully appear, my novel method combines certain features and characteristics of both iusion welding and brazing and therefore I dnd it convenient to refer to it as weldbrazing so as to distinguish it from conventional fusion welding and brazing processes.

This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending application, Serial No. 5,993, iiled February 2, 1948, now abandoned, relating to Methods and Materials for the Joining of Metallic Articles, Which was a continuation of my application `Serial No. 487,842, iiled May 19, 1943, for Welding Process, now abandoned.

The prior art The best known and most widely used method of integrating ferrous metals is fusion welding in which both the parent or base metal and the filler or weld metal are melted or fused at the joint in the weldzone. The liquid phase of the base metal and the liquid phase of the weldmetal intermingle or flow together at the weldzone and, upon cooling and sclidication, a bond is achieved. inasmuch as the bonding temperature, i. e., the temperature at which union of the metals occurs, is the melting or liquids temperature of the base metal, or even higher, the base metal, in the case of steel, passes through the critical temperature and phase transformations occur resulting in the formation of austenite. Upon relatively rapid cooling, such as occurs in the air cooling of Welded areas, a further transformation occurs in which the austenite decomposes partially into hard and brittle martensite. Theoretically, controlled heat-treatment of the welded part could be used to restore the original structure of the steel, however, in most instances such a procedure would be uneconomioal as well as impracticable.

Thus, fusion welding requires a large heat input to raise the temperature of the base melt to its melting point, and further, the high working temperature range of about 1450 C. to 1535 C. results in harmful deterioration of the structure in the weldzone and in the adjacent heat-affected areas. Among the harmful eiiects are such wellknown phenomena as:

Graphitization of steam lines in low carbon steel,

Brittle, martensitic structure in high carbon steel,

Permanently spoiled structure in high manganese steels,

Impaired corrosion resistance in stainless steels.

In order to overcome the disadvantages of fusion welding which result from the high bonding temperatures necessarily employed, brazing is often used. In brazing, the base metal is required to be heated only to the melting temperature of the non-ferrous lower-melting filler metals, such as brass, bronze, copper, and nickel-silver, which are used and therefore the bonding temperature range can be maintained between 850-l080 C. thereby avoiding or minimizing the high temperature disadvantages of fusion welding.

Brazing is however also subject to certain limitations and disadvantages which result from the utilization of the low-melting non-ferrous filler metals. Among these may be listed:

Low tensile strength of the ller metal.

Basic differences in characteristics and appearance of the filler metal as compared to steel.

Inability of the joint to withstand elevated temperatures.

Burning or failure to bond if overheated during the brazing process.

A third, but less commonly used method of joining metals is pressure welding in which no ller metal is employed, but the parts to be joined are subjected to heat and high pressure and bonding takes place between the solid phases of the metals by means of diffusion, intergranular penetration, cohesion, etc.

Pressure welding requires special equipment, accurate control and has at present only a limited eld of application.

In summary, the prior art discloses liquid to liquid phase j oinder (fusion welding), liquid ller metal to solid phase base metal joinder (brazing), and solid to solid phase joinder (pressure welding). There also exists a specialized form of nonfusion welding of cast-iron by means of cast-iron iiller metal and also a form of fusion welding of steel in which oxidation at high temperature of the weldzone is minimized by deposition oi the molten stainless steel filler metal on the solid base steel with subsequent heating to fusion.

The objects of the invention It is the primary object of my invention to provide a procedure or method for joining metals, particularly steels, in which a steel weldmetal is employed at bonding temperatures which are well below those employed in fusion welding thus obtaining a joint of comparable strength and characteristics as that obtained in fusion welding while at the same time avoiding the undesirable and harmful high temperature effects on the base metal which are incidents of fusion welding.

Another object of my invention is to provide a non-fusion metal joining process in which the base metal is at all times maintained at a temperature below its solidus.

Still another object of my invention is to pro-v vide a process, as described, in'whioh, as contrasted to brazing, the base metal need not be heated to the liquidus temperature of the filler metal in order to eifect a bond.

A further object of my invention is to provide a non-fusion welding process for metals which will permit the joinder of non-ferrous metals by means of steel filler metals.v

Another object of myinvention is to provide a method of non-fusion welding which is applicable to certain typesv of steels which are not amenable to fusion welding.

Still another object of my invention is to provide a method, as described, wherein less heatinput is necessary'to effect bond thereby effecting economies in operation.

Other objects and advantages'of the invention will be apparent during the course of the follow-` ing description.

In the accompanying drawings, forming a part of this specification, and inwhch like numerals are employed to designate like parts throughout the same,

Fig. 1 is a graphic comparison of fusion welding and weldbrazingas applied to steel,fllustrat ing diagrammatically bymeans of various curves the mechanism and advantages-of the weldbrazing process.

Fig. 2 is-a photograph of a Weldlayer of stainless steel 18z8 as fusion welded to a .75% carbon steel plate. l

Figs. 3 and 4 are photographs showing the appearance of a weldbraze'dlaye'r on the same high carbon steel plate.V

Figs. 5 and 6 are photomicrographs'of crosssections of weldbrazedla'yersion a .75% carbon steel plate, etched with picri'c acid, showing the appearance of the bond at the interface thereof.

Weldbraeing The process of weldbrazing is basedlupon my discovery that an aflinity can be established between a molten steel nller metal and a solid phase base metal which will result in an excellent bond between the metals? upon solidification of the filler metal.

The nature of the bond results froml the forces of diffusion, cohesion, adhesion and intergran ular penetration and'V is comparable, in a sense, to the bond obtained in pressure-welding.

In practicing my methodl of non-fusion welding, I use a steel or alloy steel weldrod such as would customarily be used inthe fusion welding of ferrous base metals.

In the welding ofv structural steels, the weldrod usually1 conforms fairly'closely to the basic characteristics of the base metal to be welded.. In other applications of welding, such as hardfacing or corrosion facing, for example, the' steel 4 weld rod selected may have characteristics which are different from that of the base metal. Such steel weld rods may contain varying amounts of carbon, however, by denition, a steel weldrod would not contain in excess of 1.7% carbon.

The base metal is prepared in the usual manner, that is, it should be clean and free from undesirable particles or coatings and the edges to be joined may be machined or ground where necessary to such form as will encourage penetration of the Weldlayer.

The base metal is then preheated to the honding temperature range which is an elevated temperatureV below the solidus of the base metal. This bonding temperature will, of course, vary with the particular composition of the base metal. The range of the bonding temperature Will also'be much greater for high-melting base metals than for low-melting base metals. In general, satisfactory bonding characteristics can be obtained at temperatures about 150-200 C. below the'solidus of the base metal and in some instances at even much lower temperatures. I have found that a temperature which is from 10% to 40% less than the solidus temperature ofA the base metal is satisfactory for bonding. The following list is illustrative of the bonding temperatures of various base metals when using my non-fusion welding process:

Degrees C. Low carbon steel 1,100 High carbon steel 950 Stainless steel 870 Manganese steel 1,150 Copper 900` Brass 800 Nickel-silver 850 Nickel alloys 1,100

When the base metal has been preheated to therbonding temperature range, the weldrod is melted and deposited or fed into the weldzone While maintaining the base metal at cr near said bonding temperature. Simultaneously, there is introduced into the weldzone a combination of elements which will have the effect of forming lower melting phases in the weldrod composition and Will also increase the iiuidity and reduce the surface tension of the molten weldrod.

This combination of elementsV may be introduced-'separately as in powder or paste or rod form or it may be introduced as a core in the weldrod, or as a coating on the weldrod.

The introduction of this combination of elements performs two vital functions which to some extent are overlapping.

The lower-melting phases of the weldlayer are obtained by the introduction of elements selected from the group consisting of manganese, copper, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, boron, silicon and phosphorus; These elements form eutectiferous phases in the weldlayer which have affinity for both the steel Weldrod and the base metal. Thus, the eutectiferous phases which are formed by the introduction of these elements into the weldzone form an initial bond with the base metal which induces theV bonding of the weldlayer to the basev metal. These elements also have the desirable effect of enhancing'thefluidity of the molten weldlayer.

The increase in iiuidity of the weldrnetal and the reduction of the surface tension of the molten globule is primarily brought about by the introthough titanium, zirconium, columbium, calci# um, lithium or tantalum may be introduced to assist in obtaining good flowing properties. These elements have the effect of inducing a wetting action of the molten globule on the base metal which evidences itself in the rapid spreading and flow of a deposited globule of weldmetal at the bonding temperature.

The quantity of the introduced elements will depend to some extent upon the composition of the basernetal, the composition of the weldrod, and the characteristics desired in the weldlayer. However, I have found that if no predetermined physical or chemical characteristics of the Weldlayer are established, satisfactory bond can be accomplished by introducing a sufficient quantity of the eutectiferous phase-forming elements so that they comprise about by weight of the composition of the weldlayer. It will be understood that the same elements which form the eutectiferous phases are ordinarily utilized to impart certain physical or metallurgical properties to alloys, such as high tensile strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, etc. Therefore, it will be understandable that said eutectiferous phase-forming elementsinay welll be present in the weldlayer inhexcess ofthe 1,0% mentioned, for the purpose Of Ao btangling;Ycertain predetermined physicaland chemical characteristics.

The surface Ytension reducing elements are introduced in' anamount sufficient to effect the flowing and spreadingaction heretofore referred to, depending upornuthe Ycen nosition.,ofthe weldrod, base metal, and the quantity of eutectiferous elements present. The surface-tension elements may comprise from about 0.10 to 10% of the composition of this weldlayer. In addition, iiuxing and cleansing agents may be used on the base metal as is well understood. n

As the advantages of my invention flow primarily from the fact that the temperature of the base metal is maintained below its solidus, it is important in practising weldbra-Zing that the heating unit employed, when it is a gas torch or an arc electrode, be moved suiiiciently rapidly over the weldzone to prevent overheating of the base metal by concentration of the heat on a particular area for too long a time. As a consequence thereof, it is usually impracticable to deposit a single heavy layer of weldmetal by use of the weldbrazing process. Instead, it is preferable to build up the thickness of the Weldlayer with multiple layers in those instances where a heavy deposit of weldmetal is required.

In practising weldbrazing with a torch, for example, the following technique may be ernployed to prevent overheating of the base metal. When pre-heating, the torch is kept waving or circling and the flame is directed so as to impinge upon the weldzone in order to get an even distribution of heat. When the preheat temperature is reached, the flame of neutral composition is moved slightly away from the surface of the base metal and directed more or less tangentially against the surface in order not to melt the base metal and yet maintain it at the requisite temperature. The weldrod, having associated therewith the combination of elements heretofore referred to, is kep-t in a position perpendicular to the flame but not traversing it, so that it does not cut the flame during pre-heating. When the preheating is completed, the tip of the weldrod is melted. The flame is now directed closer to and more directly against the surface of the base metal and the molten weldrod is deposited or fed into the weldzone and drawn forward slightly in the direction of the `ioint by a coincident movement of the rod and the flame. Then the ame is withdrawn slight- 1y from the surface of the base metal and directed against it at a very acute angle, almost tangential to the deposited molten globule, until the globule has spread and bonded with the base metal. Thereby the kinetic energy of the flame encourages the flow and spread of the globule and by a suction eifect draws gas inclusions and impurities to the surface of the melt and insures non-porosity of the layer.

In arc welding, overheating may be avoided by maintaining a high melting rate and continuous waving movement of the electrode. It may also be avoided by depositing an insulating layer of granular flux or of the combination of elements in the weldzone before heating, A ilux, which contains considerable amounts of alloying constituents corresponding to the desired cornposition of the layer, is used and applied as a heavy coating to the surface of the joint and to the electrodes. As soon as the arc is struck between the electrode and the metallic constituents of the flux, the flux is melted and forms an intei-mediate Zone of diffusion and interg'ranular penetration with the parent metal, which thus is heated indirectly only, but not melted.

The weldbrazing technique can also be adapted to other forms of electrical welding, such as re'- sistance and induction heating. It may also be adapted to conditions where the weldrod or weldrod composition is melted in a crucible, for example, and poured onto the surface of the base metal.

The photograph in Fig. 2 of the drawings illustrates the appearance of the Weldlayer on a fusion Welded plate of 0.75 C steel. Figs. 3 and 4 illustrate the appearance of the weldlayer on a .75 C steel plate as performed in accordance with my weldbrazing method. It will vbe noted that Figs. 3 and 4 illustrate a marked improvement in the smoothness and non-porosity of the weldlayer as contrasted to Fig. 2.

As a consequence of the lower bonding temperature used in the weldbrazing process, the weldzones have a normalized structure as will be evident from an inspection of the photomicrographs shown in Figs. 5 and 6, whereas in fusion welding a brittle, martensitic structure results. Therefore, the weldbrazed high carbon steel is readily machinable, whereas the same steel when fusion welded is non-machinable.

I have successfully performed the weldbrazing of carbon steels by depositing a weldlayer having, for example, the following composition:

Percent Carbon 0.11 Silicon 2.98 Phosphorus 1.49 Manganese 0.31 Copper 13.10 Nickel 13.10 Iron Remainder stainless-steel 18:8 lies in thefact thatv when theV steel is heated to about 875 C. it" becomes susceptible to weld decay. At that temperature, the vcarbon which until then was in solution, has a higher affinity for chromium than for the ferrous matrix which becomes depleted of chromium.- Consequently, no contiguous chromeoxidellm is formed on the surface of the weldzone of the stainless steelto protect the underlying metal from corrodents. Thus, stainless steel 18:8 loses its corrosion-resistant properties when heated above about 875 C., which is necessarily the casein fusion welding at working temperatures of about 14.50 C.

By using thev weldbrazing method to weld stainless steel, bond is achieved atl about said critical temperature and thus weld decay is avoided andthe corrosion resistance of the steel is not impaired.

I have successfully performed the weldbrazing of 18:8 stainless steels by depositinga weldlayerl having,v for example, the following composition:

Percent Carbon 0.11 Silicon 0.25 Phosphorus 0.02 Manganese 0.1.2 Copper 7.70- Ni'ckel 18.20 Chro'miun' 12.60 Molybdenum .10.80 Iron' Remainder treatment" and the steell can then be quenched in oilor water to restore its strength and toughness.

I have successfully performed the weldbrazing of manganese steels by depositing a weldlayer having, for example, the following composition:

Per cent Carbon .877 Silicon 5.50 Phosphorus 2.75 Manganese 4.80 Iron Remainder In most cases, the fusion welding of non-ferrous metals and alloys, which utilizes ller metals of similar composition,.does not result in suchvital deterioration-of the structure of the base metal in the weldzone as is the case in the fusion weldingv of steels. There do exist, however, some minor disadvantages, such as, oxidation of the molten-metals'-which1causes nickel or copper to In contrastV Si become' brittle and brass toi become porous due to hydrogen pick up.

However, as an exception to the foregoing thel I-Iastelloy nickel base alloys which contain upto 65% Ni and 30% Mo, behave similarly to steel when-heated above its critical temperature range.

The high working temperatureusedA in fusionwelding Hastelloy causes precipitation in the heat/affected zones whichconsequently become less corrosion resistant and more susceptible to cracking.

In utilizingY weldbrazing for the joining' of- Ha'stelloys, the nonferrous base metal is preheated to about 1000o C. andv then the'r'nolten weldmetal is deposited. The temperature' of the base metal then rises to about 1100 C. at which temperatureV the bond occurs. thereafter, the welded partis quenched in watei` and thereby the physical and corrosion-resistant properties of the Hastelloy are retained.

I have successfully performed the weldbrazng of Hastelloys by depositing a weldlayer having, for example, the following composition:

Per cent Carbon 0 .l 1 1 Silicon 2.91 Phosphorus 1.45 Manganese 0.30 Copper 12.80 Nickel 12.80 Molybdenum 5.50 Iron Remainder The weldbrazing process is distinguishable from ordinary fusion welding primarily in the fact that the bonding temperature range is below the solidus of the base metal. Weldbrazing is distinguishable from brazing in two respects, namely, that the filler metal is steel or alloy steel and that the bonding temperaturevrange is well below the liquidus of the ller metal. In brazing,

the base metal, though not heated above its solidus, is necessarily heated to or above thev weldzone by 50 C. to 100 C. above the preheat temperature. This elevated temperature is considered to be within the bonding temperature range, however, if desired, it may be compensated for by preheating the base metal to a temperature which is l50"-100o C. less than the particular bonding temperature which is to be attained.

In the schematic time-temperature diagram in Fig. l of the drawings, I have attempted to indicate the mechanism of my process as applied to a mild steel base metal. Curve D shows the transformation phases of the steel as it is heated to elevated temperatures. Fusion welding takes place at temperatures of 1535"' C. and higher whereas the bonding temperature of weldbrazing in this particular example is at l050 C., only slightly and temporarily above the critical temperature of the steel and well below its solidus temperature. This weldbrazing bonding temperature is within the illustrated weldbraze range.v

Immediately The base metal is preheated to 960 C., and, as indicated diagrammatically, the molten globule of filler metal is deposited in the weldzone at the time this preheat temperature is attained. There is a transfer of heat between the molten filler metal and the hase metal which causes the temperature of the base metal to increase to the bonding temperature, while simultaneously the globule of ller metal cools to said bonding temperature and bond is completed.

The temperature ranges indicated by the arrows to the right of curve D indicate the working temperature ranges of various methods of joining steels and indicate the position occupied by my novel method as well as the broad range which it covers.

Range F is the temperature range of fusion welding of iron, steel, and stainless steels and embraces 1450 to 1535 C., a total range of 85 C.

Range B covers the brazing of said steels with copper, nickel-silver, and brass and runs from about 820 C. to 1140o C., a range of 320 C.

Range S covers silver-soldering of steels between 570 C. and 770C., a range of 200 C.

Range WB, the weldbrazing temperature range runs from 820 C. to 1450 C., a range of 630 C. which is greater than the working range of any of the foregoing methods.

It will be understood that the eutectiferousphase-forming and surface tension reducing elements are introduced into the weldzone sub- Stantially simultaneously with the deposit of the molten weldrod. As heretofore stated this may be done in various ways, such as cores, coatings, or separate powders, pastes or rods, or the comu bined elements may be associated with the weldrod in the i itial melt from which the weldrod is formed. Y

When separate iiuxes are used, 'they are composed to perform the following functions: First, to react at low temperature, during pre-heating, with the surface of the base metal to cleanse it of non-metallic dirt and grease, and to effect distribution of the alloying constituents. Secu nd, to react near the bonding temperature, with the surface of the base metal to effect cleansing of metallic surfaces and bridging of constituents, such as cernentite and other chemical compounds which impair the flowing of the filler alloys, and thus increase the metallic surface by the introduction of metals and alloys in powder form. These metallic powder isles absorb more heat than the base metal. Consequently, prealloying or diffusion of these constituents into the solid base metal takes place and an intermediate zone and bond is formed in advance of the actual process welding during the comparatively long pre-heating period. Shortly thereafter, the molten steel ller alloy is applied onto the intermediate Zone during the actual process of bond ing, and forms a perfect bond by cohesion, diffusion and intergranular penetration.

Advantages My process of non-fusion welding results in a strong bond having excellent physical properties. The weldbraaing process can be employed for the joinder of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It can be utilized for carbon steels, tool steels, manganese corrosion-resistant and heatresistant alloys, etc.

inasmuch as the bonding temperatures employed in weldbrazing are substantially lower those required in fusion welding, considerl0 able economies can be effected as a result of the reduced heat input required.

Curve A of Fig. 1 illustrates graphically the comparative total heat input required for fusion welding and weldbrazing. It is to be noted that apart from the difference in heat energy required to raise the base metal from the weldbrazing bonding temperature (1060 C.) to the ion welding temperature 1535 C.) there is also a substantial heat input required to fuse the metal at 1535" C. which corresponds to the latent heat of fusion of the steel. As indicated in Table I below, the use of weldbrazing over fusion welding results in substantial economies in heat energy required.

Curve B shows that above about 1l00 C. the coencient of expansion of steel increases abruptly. Curve C shows that above about 1200 C. the ductility of high carbon steel decreases rapidly.l The preferredv weldbrazing range of 850- 1100o C., therefore,n avoids temperatures which, due to radical-changes in the ductility and expansion of the base metal, result in stresses, deformation and warping of the base metal in the weldzone and heat-affected zone. In fusion welding of steel, these elevated temperatures and their consquent detrimental effects cannot beavoided. v

The broad working temperature range which is incident to theV weldbrazing process obviates the necessity for maintaining extremely close temperature control of the weldzone and thus permits even relatively unskilled welding operators Yto produce satisfactory and unspoiled welds.

Thus it will be apparent that the process of my invention lowers the bonding temperature as compared to that of fusion welding and utilizes steel filler metals instead of non-ferrous brazing metals, thereby combining the advantages of fusion welding and of brazing to prevent the deterioration of the base metal.

Having thus described my invention, I claim:

i. A method of effecting the non-fusion weld of a base metal with a steel weldmetal, wherein said base metal is selected from the group consisting of ferrous metals and brazable non-ferrous metals, comprising the steps of preheating said base metal to an elevated temperature below the solidus of said base metal, melting said weldmetal, depositing said weldmetal in the weldm acne to produce a resultant bonding tempera ture of said base metal which is below the solidus of said base metal, substantially concurrently introducing into the weldzone molten low-melting eutectiferous phase-forming elements in sufficient quantity to create an intermediate alloy phase having affinity for the weldinetal and base metal and surface tension-reducing elements for increasing the fluidity of the weldmetal, and

l1' maintaining said 'base metalat said Yresultant bonding temperature to completion of the weld.

2. A method -of bonding an alloysteel weldmetal'to a base metal without fusion-of the base metal, wherein said base metal is selected from thegroup consisting of gferrous metals and brazable non-ferrous metals, comprisingthe steps of preheating said base metal to an elevated temperature below the solidus of the `base metal, -depositing on said base metal a molten alloy steel Weldlayer to elevate the temperature of ature, and said bonding temperature is less than g `said critical temperature.

`4. A method as defined in claim 2, in which said bonding temperature is below the liquidus temperature of the weldmetal.

5. A method as defined in claim 2, in which said alloyingphases are selected from the group consisting of silicon, phosphorus, manganese, copper, chromium, nickel, vmolybdenum and boron.

`6. A method as dened in claim 2, in which said surface tensionreducing elements are selected from the group consisting of silicon, phosphorus, titanium, zirconium, columbium, calcium, lithium and tantalum.

7. A method of welding a steel wedlmetal to a base ,metal without fusion of the base metal, wherein said base metal is selected from the group consisting of ferrous metals and brazable non-ferrousmetals, comprising the steps of heat- .ing the base metal to an elevated temperature below its solidus temperature, applying to said base metal a sufficient quantity of W melting alloying constituents having-phases diifusible in said base metal at said elevated temperature to create an intermediate alloy phase having anity for the weldmetal and containing surface tensionreducing elements to increase the fluidity of the weldmetal, whereby an intermediate weldlayer is formed on said base metal, depositing molten steel weldmetal in said Weldzone to elevate the temperature of said base metal to a bonding temperature below its solidus temperature, and maintaining said base metal at said bonding temperature to completion of the weld.

8. A method of eiecting the non-fusion weld of a base metal with a steel weldmetal, wherein said base metal is selected from the group consisting of ferrous metals and brazablenon-ferrous metals, comprising the steps ofvpreheating said base metal to an elevated temperature below the solidus of the base metal, depositing molten weldmetal in the weldzone to elevate the temperature-of the base metal toa bonding temperature below the solidus of the base metal, substantially simultaneously introducing into the weldzone eutectiferous phase-forming elements selected from the vgroup consisting of silicon, phosphorus, manganese, copper, chromium, nickel, boron and molybdenum, in sufficient quantity to create an intermediate valloy phase V,havin/g ainnityfor the weldmetalfand base metal ;andsurface tension-,reducing elements selected from thegroup consisting of silicon, phosphorus,

titanium, `zirconium, Columbium, calcium, lithium and tantalum, and maintaining said base metal at saidbonding temperature to completion of the weld.

said-bonding temperature is atleast degrees .C. below the solidus temperature of said base metal.

1l. A method as defined in claim 8, .wherein saidbonding temperature is notlower than a temperature equivalent to of said solidus temperature measured in'degrees centigrade 12. A method of effecting the non-fusionweld of a carbon steel base metal withV a steel weldmetaLcomprising the steps of pre-'heating said steelbase metal to va' temperature between 750 C. and 960 -C., ,melting said weldmetal, depositing said weldmetal in theweldzone to producea resulant bonding temperature between 850 C. and 1160 C., substantially vconcurrently introducing into the weldzone molten low-melting eutectiferons phase-forming elements in su'lcient quantity to create an intermediate `alloy phase havinganity for the weldmetal andbase metal and surface tension-reducing elements for 1ncreasing the fluidity ofthe weldmetal, and maintaining said base metal at said resultant bonding temperature to completion of the weld.

13. A method of eifecting the non-fusion weld of Va stainless'steel base metal with a steel weld.- metal, comprising the steps of preheating said base metal to a temperature of about 800 C., melting said weldmetal, depositing said weldmetal vin the weldzone to produce a resultant bonding temperature of about 870 C., substantia'lly concurrently introducing into the weldzone molten low-melting 4eutectiferous phase-forming elements in sufficient quantity to create an intermediate alloy phase having ainity for the weldmetal and base metal and surface tensionreducing elements for increasing the fluidity of the weldmetal, and maintaining said base metal at said resultant bonding temperature to completion of the weld.

1 4. A method of eiectingthe non-fusion weld of a manganese steel base metal with ra steel weldmetal, comprising the steps of preheating said `base Ametal to an elevated temperature below vthe solidus of said base metal, melting said weldmetal, `depositing said weldmetal in the weldzone to produce a resultant bonding temperature of about 1150 C., substantially concurrently introducing into the weldzone molten low-melting eutectiferous phase-forming elements in sufiicient quantity ,to create an intermediate alloy phase having affinity for the weldmetal and base metal and surface tension-reducing elements for increasing the iluidity of the weldmetal, andmaintaining said base metal at said resultantbonding temperature to completion ofthe weld.

15. A method of effecting the non-fusion weld of a nickel-molybdenum alloy base metal with a steel weldmetal, comprising the steps of preheating said base metal to a temperature of about 1000 C., melting said weldmetal, depositing said weldmetal in theweldzone to produce a resultant bonding temperature ofabout 1100" C., substantially concurrently introducing into the weldzone Number mc\ Date molten low-melting eutectiferous phase-forming 2,043,952 Feld A" June 9, 1936 elements in suilcient quantity to create an inter- 2,190,267 Light web 13 1940 mediate alloy phase having ainity for the Weld- 2,249,723 Orr J ul55,\ 41 metal and base metal and surface tension-reduc- 5 2,288,869 Wassermann July 7, 1942 ing elements for increasing the udity of the Weldmetal, and maintaining said base metal at OTHER' REFERENCES- said resultant bonding temperature to completion EUGCUC LOW Temp. Weld. CODyllghted 1942 of the Weld, Pub. by Eutectic Weld. Alloys Co., New York,

KARL SPITz. 1o N Y The Eutectic Welder, vol. 2, No. 1, August References Cited in the file of this patent 1944 Pub. by Eutectic Weld. Alloys, New York.

UNTTED STATES PATENTS N Y Number Name Date 15 1,327,098 Kellogg Jan. 6, 1920 

1. A METHOD OF EFFECTING THE NON-FUSION WELD OF A BASE METAL WITH A STEEL WELDMETAL WHEREIN SAID BASE METAL IS SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF FERROUS METALS AND BRAZABLE NON-FERROUS METALS, COMPRISING THE STEPS OF PREHEATING SAID BASE METAL TO AN ELEVATED TEMPERATURE BELOW THE SOLIDUS OF SAID BASE METAL, MELTING SAID WELDMETAL, DEPOSITING SAID WELDMETAL IN THE WELDZONE TO PRODUCE A RESULTANT BONDING TEMPERATURE OF SAID BASE METAL WHICH IS BELOW THE SOLIDUS OF SAID BASE METAL, SUBSTTANTIALLY CONCURRENTLY INTRODUCING INTO THE WELDZONE MOLTEN LOW-MELTING EUTECTIFEROUS PHASE-FORMING ELEMENTS IN SUFFICIENT QUANTITY TO CREATE AN INTERMEDIATE ALLOY PHASE HAVING AFFINITY FOR THE WELDMETAL AND BASE 